Outline

﻿Outline I. __O__ __bstacles to Italian Unity __ //A. Mazzini establishes young Italy// i. Mazzini- nationalist leader founded Young Italy, he dreamed of united Italy. ii. Young Italy- secret society that's goal was to constitute Italy. iii. Mazzini set up revolutionary republic in Rome, French forces toppled it.

//B. Nationalism takes root// i. "ideas grow quickly" - Mazzini " when watered by blood of Martyrs." ii. Nationalists reminded italians of glories of Ancient Rome. iii. Unity seemed practical- economicly, geographically, etc.

II. __The Struggle for Italy __ //A. Cavour becomes prime minister// i. Victor Emmanuel made count Camillo Cavour his prime minister. ii. Cavour reformed sandings economy, improved agriculture, had railroads, encouraged commerce by supporting free trade.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">//B. Intrigue with France// <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">i. In 1855, Sardinia, led by Cavour, joined Britain & France against Russia in the Crimean War. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">ii. Sardinia did not win territory, but did gain attention of Napolean III. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">iii. In 1858 Cavour negotiated a secret deal with Napolean who promised to aid Sardinia in case it faced a war with Austria. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">iiii. Cavour provoked a war a year later and with Frances help defeated Austria.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">C. //Garibaldi's "Red Shirts"// <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">i. (kingdom of two Siciles in southern Italy) Giuseppe Garibaldi wanted to create an Italian Republic. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">ii. Recruited a force of 1,000 red-shirted volunteers. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">iii. With the help of Cavour weapons were provided and two ships. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">iiii. Forces won control of Sicily and marched triumphantly north to Naples.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">D. //Unity at Last// <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">i. Cavour feared Garibaldi's forces would lead to him setting up his own republic. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">ii. Cavour urged Emmanuel to send Sardinian troops to deal with Garibald, instead Sardinians over ran Papal States and linked up with Garibaldis forces in Naples. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">iii. Garibaldi turned over Naples and Sicily to Emmanuel. Victor Emmanuel was soon crowned king of Italty. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">iiii. Rome and Venetia remained outside the new Italian Nation. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">iiiii. Cavour did but his successors completed his dream. Italy aquired Venetia. Also France to withdraw it's troops from Rome. Italy was now united since the fall of the Roman Empire.

<span style="font-family: Symbol,sans-serif;">III. __<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Challenges Facing the New Nation __ <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">A. //Division// <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">i. Greatest regional differences were between north and south. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">ii. Northern Italy was richer and had more cities, flourished as centers of business and culture. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">iii. Southern Italy was rural and poor, its population was booming but illiterate peasants could extract only a medger existence from the exhausted farmland. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">iiii. Hostility between Italy and the Roman catholic church further divided the nation. Popes resented the seizure of the papal states and of Rome. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">iiiii. Government granted the papacy the small vatican territory, popes saw themselves as "prisoners" and urged italian catholics.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">B. //Turmoil// <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">i. Under Victor Emmanuel, Italy was a constitutional monarchy and had a 2 house legislator. The king appointed upper house members who vetod bills passed by the lower house, only a small number of lower members could vote <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">ii. Unrest increased, radicals struggled against conservative government, socialists organized strikes, and anarchists turned to sabotage and violence. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">iii. Government extended suffrage to more men. They passed more laws to improve social conditions.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">C. //Economic Process// <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">i. Italy lacked coal but industries did startup in northern regions. Industialization brought urbinization. reformers campaigned to improve education and working conditions <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">ii. Population increase caused tension. Many italians left for the United States, Canada, and Latin America(emigration).